Introduction:

In the vast world of polymers, the addition of pigments plays a pivotal role not only in enhancing aesthetics but also in influencing the material's performance and functionality. The science of polymer pigmentation is a fascinating realm where color meets chemistry, unlocking a spectrum of possibilities for diverse industries. In this blog post, we'll delve into the intricate science behind polymer pigmentation and the key factors that contribute to the vibrant world of colored plastics.

Understanding the Basics:

Polymer Basics:

• At its core, a polymer is a large molecule composed of repeating structural units. Polymers are renowned for their versatility and find applications in various industries, from packaging to automotive components.

Role of Pigments:

• Pigments are substances that impart color to a material. In polymer science, pigments are added to the polymer matrix to achieve the desired color and appearance. Unlike dyes, pigments are insoluble particles dispersed throughout the material.

The Science Behind Polymer Pigmentation:

Chemical Compatibility:

• The selection of pigments is a precise science. Compatibility between the pigment and polymer matrix is crucial to ensure uniform dispersion and long-lasting color stability. Various pigment chemistries are tailored to specific polymer types.

Dispersion Techniques:

• Achieving an even dispersion of pigments within the polymer matrix is a critical aspect of polymer pigmentation. High shear mixing and melt compounding are common techniques used to disperse pigments uniformly, preventing agglomeration and color inconsistencies.

Lightfastness and Heat Stability:

• Polymer products often face exposure to environmental factors such as sunlight and heat. Pigments must be chosen based on their ability to withstand these conditions without fading or degrading. Lightfastness and heat stability are key considerations in pigment selection.

Effect on Mechanical Properties:

• The addition of pigments can influence the mechanical properties of polymers. Careful consideration is required to ensure that pigmentation does not compromise the material's strength, flexibility, or other essential characteristics.

Applications and Innovations:

Color-Coding in Plastics:

• Polymer pigmentation is widely used for color-coding in various industries, aiding in product identification and differentiation.

Aesthetics in Consumer Products:

• From vibrant packaging materials to colorful consumer goods, polymer pigmentation enhances the visual appeal of everyday products.

UV Stabilization:

• UV-stabilized pigments are employed to protect polymers from the degrading effects of ultraviolet radiation, extending the lifespan of outdoor applications.

Conclusion:

The science of polymer pigmentation combines chemistry, materials engineering, and artistry to bring color and functionality to the world of plastics. As technology advances, innovations in pigment formulations continue to open new possibilities for vibrant, durable, and aesthetically pleasing polymer products. Whether in automotive components, electronics, or household items, the science of polymer pigmentation continues to shape the colorful landscape of our modern world.

Introduction:

Polycarbonate, a versatile and durable thermoplastic, is widely used in various industries for its excellent mechanical properties, transparency, and impact resistance. However, one of the critical factors affecting the processing of polycarbonate is moisture. In this blog post, we will delve into the effects of moisture on polycarbonate processing and explore strategies to mitigate these challenges.

Understanding the Influence of Moisture:

Moisture, when present in the polycarbonate resin, can adversely impact the processing and performance of the material. Polycarbonate is hygroscopic, meaning it readily absorbs moisture from the surrounding environment. The effects of moisture on polycarbonate processing include:

Reduced Melt Quality:

• Moisture in polycarbonate can lead to the formation of bubbles and voids during processing, affecting the melt quality. This can result in surface defects and compromise the mechanical properties of the final product.

Molded Part Defects:

• High moisture content can cause issues such as splay, silver streaks, and poor surface finish in molded parts. These defects can be particularly problematic in applications where visual aesthetics are crucial.

Decreased Impact Strength:

• Moisture absorption can diminish the impact strength of polycarbonate, impacting its ability to withstand sudden impacts. This is a critical concern in applications where impact resistance is a key performance criterion.

Strategies for Moisture Mitigation:

Pre-Drying of Polycarbonate Resin:

• Implementing a pre-drying process before molding is an effective strategy to remove moisture from the resin. This ensures that the material enters the processing equipment in an optimal, dry state.

Use of Desiccant Dryers:

• Desiccant dryers are commonly employed in the processing of polycarbonate. These dryers use desiccant materials to absorb moisture from the resin, maintaining low moisture levels during processing.

Proper Storage Conditions:

• Storing polycarbonate resin in a controlled environment with low humidity is crucial. Proper storage helps prevent moisture absorption and ensures the resin's quality is maintained before processing.

Closed-Loop Drying Systems:

• Closed-loop drying systems monitor and control the moisture levels in real-time, providing a more precise and efficient approach to moisture removal during processing.

Conclusion:

Moisture can significantly impact the processing and performance of polycarbonate, leading to defects and compromised material properties. To ensure the successful processing of polycarbonate and maintain the quality of the final product, it is crucial to implement proper drying techniques, storage practices, and advanced drying systems. By addressing the challenges associated with moisture, manufacturers can unlock the full potential of polycarbonate in various applications, from automotive components to electronic enclosures.

Transparent polyamides offer a unique combination of mechanical strength, chemical resistance, and optical clarity, making them highly sought after for demanding applications such as eyewear, filtration components, and high-performance housings. Among these, PA12 (polyamide 12) and specialty transparent grades like Trogamid T, Trogamid CX, Vestamid L, Vestamid E, and EMS Grivory TR stand out for their engineered chemistries.

Key Chemistries and Structures

• Trogamid T – Produced from dimethyl terephthalate and trimethylhexamethylene diamine, this amorphous homopolymer achieves transparency through the disruption of regular chain packing, preventing crystallinity. Its aromatic terephthalate backbone contributes to excellent UV resistance.

• Trogamid CX – Based on cycloaliphatic diamine and 1,12-dodecanedioic acid, this crystalline polyamide remains transparent because its crystal size is below one micron.

• Vestamid L – Standard PA12, derived from laurolactam or dodecanedioic acid and aliphatic diamines. It combines high impact strength, good oil/fuel resistance, fatigue resistance, and low friction. Can be plasticized using sulphonamides.

• Vestamid E – A polyether block amide (PEBA), integrating PA12 segments with polyether segments for exceptional low-temperature impact resistance, resiliency, and printability.

• EMS Grivory TR Series – Made from 2,2′-dimethyl-4,4′-methylenebis(cyclohexylamine) and dodecanedioic acid. These amorphous grades achieve Tg values between 150–190 °C, offering clarity and UV resistance.

Processing and Cost Factors

Transparency in these materials stems from interrupting crystalline ordering—either via bulky aromatic or cycloaliphatic units (in amorphous grades) or by producing ultra-small crystallites (in crystalline transparent types).
Cost differences arise from monomer selection: dodecanedioic acid and cyclic amines are premium feedstocks compared to isophthalic or terephthalic acids, pushing PA12 prices higher.

Applications

• Optics & Eyewear – High clarity, UV stability, and impact resistance.

• Automotive & Industrial – Fuel and oil resistance in lightweight, fatigue-resistant parts.

• Medical Devices – Sterilization resistance and transparency for diagnostic equipment.

References

1. Evonik Industries AG – Trogamid® T and CX technical datasheets.

2. EMS-Chemie – Grivory® TR series technical literature.

3. Arkema – Vestamid® L and E product portfolio.

4. "Polyamides: Structure, Properties, and Applications," Encyclopedia of Polymer Science and Technology, Wiley, 2015.

Electrical systems in industrial and power distribution environments are constantly exposed to the risks of electrical arcing. When a high-voltage arc occurs, it can generate extreme heat, pressure waves, and molten metal particles—posing serious safety hazards to equipment and personnel. Arc-resistant polymers, engineered to meet ASTM D495standards, provide a critical line of defense by offering high dielectric strength and resistance to surface tracking.

Key Polymer Families and Suppliers

The UL Yellow Card database identifies several polymer classes that excel in arc resistance:

1. PPS (Polyphenylene Sulfide)

Suppliers: Lion Idemitsu, Toray, Tosoh
Grades: C-200, A660E, G-10 (glass/mineral reinforced)

• Outstanding chemical resistance

• Maintains performance at elevated temperatures

• Common in electrical connectors, switches, and breaker components

2. PPA (Polyphthalamide)

Suppliers: DuPont, Kuraray, EMS-Chemie
Grades include: HTNFR52G30NH, HTNFR53G50NHLWSF, GN2450, Grivory HT3V-30 V0

• High strength and stiffness at elevated temperatures

• Excellent dimensional stability

• Used in automotive high-voltage connectors and industrial control modules

3. PA66 (Nylon 66)

Suppliers: DSM, LG Chem, Solvay
Grades: R624-GS, Lumid GN-1001BF, 2930 HFFR

• Balanced mechanical performance and arc resistance

• Cost-effective for large-volume electrical parts

4. PET (Polyethylene Terephthalate)

Supplier: Super-Dragon Engineering Plastics
Grade: PET-FR2300

• High dielectric strength and flame retardancy

• Common in motor housings and insulating components

5. PPE (Polyphenylene Ether)

Supplier: RTP Company
Grades: RTP 2499 X 51452 A, RTP 2499 X 65325, RTP 2499 X 71847

• Excellent electrical insulation

• Dimensional stability under heat load

6. PBT (Polybutylene Terephthalate)

Suppliers: Celanese, Mitsubishi Engineering Plastics
Grades: 3316CT, SEF-530

• Good arc resistance combined with chemical resistance

• Suitable for relay bases and circuit breaker housings

Industry Applications

Arc-resistant polymers are indispensable in:

• Switchgear and circuit breakers

• Motor control centers

• High-voltage connectors

• Transformer insulation

• Automotive EV battery and charging systems

These materials are engineered for surface tracking resistance, high comparative tracking index (CTI) values, and flame retardancy, making them vital for both safety compliance and long-term reliability in electrical infrastructure.

Reference:

1. UL iQ for Plastics – Yellow Card Listings (ASTM D495 arc resistance)

In industrial and consumer applications, coatings are more than just aesthetic layers—they provide protection, performance, and durability. The selection of resin systems directly influences a coating’s chemical resistance, wear properties, heat stability, and adhesion. Here’s a look at some high-performance resins and their applications in advanced coating technologies.

Key Resin Families and Applications

1. Polyarylethersulfones (PES, PSU, PPSU)

• Applications: PCBs, prepregs, laminates, copper-clad laminates, colored primers

• Advantages: High transparency, excellent thermal resistance, chemical stability

• Forms: Powder (100–300 µm), solution

2. Polyamide-imide & Polyimide

• Applications: Cookware primers, metal adhesion binders

• Advantages: High heat stability, mechanical strength

• Limitations: Amber color limits use in clear finishes

• Forms: Powder, wet powder, DMP/DMAc solutions

3. Polyphenylene Sulfide (PPS)

• Applications: Metal coatings, heat exchangers, corrosion-resistant piping

• Advantages: Excellent chemical resistance, high temperature stability

• Forms: Powder only (100–300 µm)

4. Polyetheretherketone (PEEK)

• Applications: Wear and friction coatings (bearing sleeves, seals)

• Advantages: High wear resistance, excellent temperature stability

• Forms: Fine powder (10–50 µm), dispersion

5. Polyetherimide (PEI)

• Applications: Colored primers for high-performance coatings

• Advantages: Thermal stability, chemical resistance

• Forms: Powder (~300 µm), solution

6. Fluoropolymers (PTFE, TFE, PVDF, CTFE)

• Applications: Non-stick coatings, gas/liquid barriers, chemical resistance

• Advantages: Low surface energy, high chemical inertness, FDA compliance for food contact

• Forms: Powder (5–50 µm; lower MW → smaller particle size), aqueous solutions

7. Bisphenol S (Precursor)

• Applications: Fire retardant phenolic resins, curing agents for specialty coatings

Coating Processing Methods

• Electrostatic Powder Coating: Charged powder particles sprayed onto grounded substrates, cured thermally.

• Solvent Dip Coating: High-VOC polymer solutions forming films after solvent evaporation.

• Solvent Spray Coating: Sprayed high-performance solvent-based coatings for precision coverage.

• Aqueous Latex Coating: Environmentally friendly water-based dispersions that air-dry and cure.

Industry Applications

These resin systems serve multiple markets:

• Automotive: Corrosion, heat, and abrasion resistance in underbody coatings and engine parts.

• Aerospace: High-heat resistant coatings for structural components.

• Food Processing & Bakeware: FDA-compliant non-stick finishes.

• Electrical: Wire coatings, potting compounds with high dielectric performance.

• Medical: Blood-resistant and non-stick surfaces for instruments.

• Offshore/Petroleum: Chemical and corrosion protection in harsh environments.

Notable Industry Players

• Whitford – Fluoropolymer-based non-stick coatings (whitfordww.com)

• Akzo Nobel, PPG, Sherwin-Williams, Valspar, Kansai Paint, Nippon Paint – Global leaders in coatings technology

• Victrex – PEEK-based coatings (victrex.com)

References:

1. Fluorinated Coatings and Finishes Handbook – Google Books

2. Victrex Datasheets – Victrex PEEK Coatings

3. PCI Magazine Buyer’s Guide – pcimag.com